ELECTED OFFICIALS AND OTHER OPPOSITION POLITICAL LEADERS
WHO HAVE SUFFERED ACTS OF VIOLENCE IN MEXICO. III/III

Mario Rojas Alba

Files in the box of the impunity
Partial List of Human-Rights Violations Recognized by the QCHRM, 1988-1992

Quebec Committee for Human Rights in Mexico (QCHRM)

[N]: Name. [P]: Position. [PO]: Party or Organization. [V]: Violations

• [N]: Félix Salgado Macedonio . [P]: Member of Federal Congress . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 1,2,6,7
  
• [N]: Octavio Moreno Toscano . [P]: Member of Federal Congress . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 1,3,5,7
  
• [N]: Mario Rojas Alba . [P]: Member of Federal Congress, senatorial candidate . [PO]: PRD-PPS . [V]: 1,2,3,5,6,7
  
• [N]: Vicente Fox Quesada . [P]: Ex-member of Congress, gubernatorial candidate . [PO]: PAN . [V]: 6
  
• [N]: Manuela Sánchez López . [P]: Member of Federal Congress . [PO]: PFCRN-PRD . [V]: 1,2,6
  
• [N]: Samuel Maldonado . [P]: Mayor . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 2,6
  
• [N]: Daniel Estrella Valenzuela . [P]: Special investigator . [PO]: PRT . [V]: 6,7
  
• [N]: Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, Jr. . [P]: Member of PRD . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 2,6
  
• [N]: César Chavira . [P]: Mayor . [PO]: PAN . [V]: 6
  
• [N]: Wilberth Rosas . [P]: Member of Local Congress in Michoacán . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 1
  
• [N]: M. Alberto Sánchez . [P]: Member of Local Congress in Tlaxcala . [PO]: PFCRN . [V]: 4
  
• [N]: Cristóbal Arias Solís . [P]: Ex-senator, gubernatorial candidate . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 6
  
• [N]: Manuel J. Clouthier . [P]: Ex-presidential candidate . [PO]: PAN . [V]: 6,7 (deceased)
  
• [N]: Salomón Barajas . [P]: Mayor . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 1,2,4,5,6
  
• [N]: Porfirio Muñoz Ledo . [P]: Senator, gubernatorial candidate . [PO]: PRD-PPS . [V]: 7
  
• [N]: Armando Trejo B. . [P]: Congressional candidate . [PO]: PARM . [V]: 1
  
• [N]: Leonel Godoy Rangel . [P]: Member of Federal Congress . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 4,6
  
• [N]: Francisco Xavier Ovando . [P]: Head scrutineer for National Electoral Count . [PO]: CD-FDN . [V]: 1,6 (deceased)
  
• [N]: Román Gil Heráldez . [P]: Secretary of Francisco Xavier Ovando . [PO]: CD-FDN . [V]: 1 (deceased)
  
• [N]: Inocencio Romero . [P]: Mayor . [PO]: PMS . [V]: 1,2,6 (deceased)
  
• [N]: Daniel López Nelio . [P]: Member of Federal Congress . [PO]: COCEI-PRD . [V]: 2,6
  
• [N]: Jorge Martínez y Almaraz . [P]: Member of Federal Congress . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 7
  
• [N]: Heriberto Martínez . [P]: Mayor . [PO]: FDN . [V]: 1,2,6 (deceased)
  
• [N]: Agustín Santiago F. . [P]: Mayoral candidate . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 1,2
  
• [N]: Severiano Cruz R. . [P]: Regional leader . [PO]: PRD-CIOAC . [V]: 1,2,3 (deceased)
  
• [N]: Anastasio González . [P]: Mayor . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 1,6
  
• [N]: José Ramón García Gómez . [P]: Regional leader . [PO]: PRT . [V]: 4,8
  
• [N]: Eloy Cisneros . [P]: Regional leader . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 2,4,6
  
• [N]: Heberto Castillo Martínez . [P]: Member of National Executive Committee . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 1
  
• [N]: Guillermo González . [P]: Mayoral candidate . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 1
  
• [N]: Carmelo Enríquez . [P]: Member of Federal Congress . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 1
  
• [N]: Reinaldo Rosas . [P]: Member of Federal Congress . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 1
  
• [N]: Rosalio Wences R. . [P]: Member of Federal Congress . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 6
  
• [N]: Claudio Coello . [P]: State electoral secretary . [PO]: PAN . [V]: 1
  
• [N]: Judith Barrio . [P]: Daughter of Francisco Barrio (gubernatorial candidate) . [PO]: PAN . [V]: 7 (deceased)
  
• [N]: Leonardo Cuadros Rivera . [P]: Alternate municipal syndic, local leader . [PO]: PRD-UCD . [V]: 1 (deceased)
  
• [N]: Pablo García Torres . [P]: Alternate municipal- district head . [PO]: PRD-UCD . [V]: 1 (deceased)
  
• [N]: Eligio Reyes . [P]: Mayor . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 1
  
• [N]: Macario Maya Reyes . [P]: Municipal leader . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 1
  
• [N]: Enrique Gómez Sánchez . [P]: Peasant leader . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 1 (deceased)
  
• [N]: Rosas Monge . [P]: Coordinator of electoral sit-in occupation . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 6
  
• [N]: Cristóbal Reyes Ramírez . [P]: Mayor . [PO]: ? . [V]: 1 (deceased)
  
• [N]: Jaime Enríquez Félix . [P]: Ex-member of Federal Congress, gubernatorial candidate . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 6
  
• [N]: Alejandro Moreno Berry . [P]: Member of Local Congress in Baja California Norte . [PO]: Independent . [V]: 3
  
• [N]: Genovevo de la O . [P]: Campaign coordinator for a senatorial candidate . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 1 (deceased)
  
• [N]: Higinio Martínez Miranda . [P]: Member of Local Congress in state of Mexico . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 5,6
  
• [N]: Miguel León López . [P]: Member of Local Congress in state of Mexico . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 5,6
  
• [N]: Raúl Reza Martínez . [P]: Member of Local Congress in state of Mexico . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 5,6
  
• [N]: Aarón Pedraza Jaramillo . [P]: Member of Local Congress in state of Mexico . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 5,6
  
• [N]: Pastor Oropeza Bautista . [P]: Member of Local Congress in state of Mexico . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 5,6
  
• [N]: Demetrio Martínez Rueda . [P]: Member of Local Congress in state of Mexico . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 5,6
  
• [N]: Felipe Tapia Sánchez . [P]: Member of Local Congress in state of Mexico . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 5,6
  
• [N]: Andrés Martínez Toledo . [P]: Member of Local Congress in state of Morelos . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 1
  
• [N]: Juan Mercenario . [P]: Alternate town councillor, regional leader . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 1 (deceased)
  
• [N]: Gorgonio Flores Cortez . [P]: President of URECCH, regional leader . [PO]: PCG-URECCH . [V]: 1 (deceased)
  
• [N]: Rey Hernández García . [P]: Member of National Executive Committee . [PO]: PT . [V]: 4
  
• [N]: José Luis Rodríguez Morán . [P]: Leader of MULT . [PO]: MULT . [V]: 1 (deceased)
  
• [N]: Eduardo Hernández . [P]: Leader of FCA . [PO]: FCA . [V]: 2,4,5
  
• [N]: Guillermo Sánchez Nava . [P]: Member of Federal Congress . [PO]: PRD . [V]: 2,3
  
• [N]: Marcelino Santiago Martínez . [P]: Mayor . [PO]: ? . [V]: 1 (deceased)
  
• [N]: Tatiana Clouthier . [P]: Member of PAN, daughter of M. J. Clouthier . [PO]: PAN . [V]: 1,7
  
• [N]: Moreno Max Madrigal Lachino . [P]: Researcher and member of COCIDE . [PO]: CEMIF-COCIDE . [V]: 2,4,6

*[V]: Types of Violations

1. Attempted murder with a firearm or other means
2. Physical aggression, assault and battery, torture
3. Property damage, simulated robbery, and the organization of biased legal proceedings
4. Abduction and/or illegal imprisonment
5. Breaking or entering homes or offices (carried out by the police or unknown individuals)
6. Threats made in person or by telephone, uncovered criminal plans
7. Intentionally caused or suspicious "accidents" in relation with political activities
8. Disappearances

MEANINGS AND TRANSLATIONS OF ACRONYMS

CD: Corriente Democrática = Democratic Tendency
CIOAC: Central Independiente de Obreros Agrícolas y Campesinos = Independent Union of Farm Workers and Peasants
COCEI: Coalición Obrero-Campesina-Estudiantil del Istmo = Isthmus Worker-Peasant-Student Coalition
FCA: Frente Cívico de Amatán = Amatán Civic Front
FDN: Frente Democrático Nacional = National Democratic Front
GIP: Grupo de Investigaciones Políticas = Political Investigation Group
MULT: Movimiento Unificado de Lucha Triqui = Unified Movement of the Triqui Struggle
MUNJP: Movimiento Unificador Nacional de Jubilados y Pensionados = National Unifying Movement of Retirees and Pensioners
PAN: Partido Acción Nacional = National Action Party
PARM: Partido Auténtico de la Revolución Mexicana = Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution
PCG: Partido Cívico Guerrerense = Guerrerense Civic Party
PFCRN: Partido del Frente Cardenista de Reconstrucción Nacional = Cardenista National Reconstruction Front Party
PMS: Partido Mexicano Socialista = Mexican Socialist Party
PPS: Partido Popular Socialista = People's Socialist Party
PRD: Partido de la Revolución Democrática = Party of the Democratic Revolution
PRI: Partido Revolucionario Institucional = Institutional Revolutionary Party
PRT: Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores = Revolutionary Workers' Party
PSUM: Partido Socialista Unificado de México = Unified Socialist Party of Mexico
PT: Partido del Trabajo = Labor Party
UCD: Unión Campesina Democrática = Democratic Peasant Union
URECCH: Unión Regional de Egidos y Comunidades de la Costa Chica (de Guerrero) = Regional Union of Egidos and Communities of La Costa Chica (Guerrero)

REFERENCES

1. Mario Rojas Alba; Testimonios personales; Banco de Datos MRA; 1987-1992.

2. Americas Watch Report; Human Rights in Mexico: A Policy of Impunity; USA; June 1990.

3. Raúl Ugalde; El triunfo popular no se negocia in Por Esto; issue 413; Mexico; March 14, 1990; pages 12-17.

4. Amnesty International; Rapport 92; Mexico; Éditions francophones; pages 216-218.

5. Miguel Cabildo and Raúl Monge; Narra uno de los autores cómo cuatro policías asesinaron a José Ramón García in La Jornada; issue 796; Mexico; February 3, 1992; pages 26-28.

6. Fidel R. Guerra; No me informaron sobre un plan de atentado en mi contra: Fox in El Financiero; Mexico; Monday, June 8, 1992; page 80.

7. Pascal Beltrán del Río; En Michoacán, inversiones federales electoreras: el alcalde de Morelia in La Jornada; issue 798; Mexico; February 17, 1992; pages 29-31.

8. Daniel Alvarez Gómez; Móviles políticos en la agresión sufrida por Rojas Alba in El Financiero-Morelos; Mexico; Monday, January 27, 1992; page 4.

9. Judith Calderón Gómez and correspondents; Fuera de peligro el fiscal Estrella y el dirigente del PRT, Edgar Sánchez in La Jornada; Mexico; Sunday, March 22, 1992; page 12.

10. Basta de "intimidar" al alcalde electo de Ciudad Cuauhtémoc in La Jornada ; Mexico; Sunday, August 30, 1992; page 5.

11. Teresa Gurza; Balearon la casa del diputado perredista, Wilberth Rosas in La Jornada ; Mexico; Monday, August 31, 1992; page 5.

12. Víctor Hernández Tamayo; Protestó el Congreso de Tlaxcala por la detención de un legislador in La Jornada ; Mexico; Wednesday, September 2, 1992; page 13.

13. Amnistie Internationale-Section Canadienne/Francophone; Un visage caché du Mexique in Agir; volume 12, issue 4; December 1991; pages 11-14.

14. Leticia Puente Vera and Manuel Carrillo Ochoa; Atentan contra el candidato del PARM in Diario del Istmo; Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico; Saturday, November 16, 1991; page 1.

15. Triunfo contundente en Mérida in La Nación; issue 1836; Mexico; August 26, 1991; page 5.

16. Department of State; Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1991; USA; February 1992; pages 664-667.

17. Francisco Ortiz Pinchetti; El candidato del PAN volvió a la lucha; el PRI en apuros: no lo favorecen ni sus encuestas in La Jornada; issue 818; Mexico; July 6, 1992; pages 6-11.

18. Pascal Beltrán del Río and Francisco Castellanos; Villaseñor dispuesto a tomar posición; el PRD intensifica las movilizaciones in La Jornada; issue 828; Mexico; September 14, 1992; pages 6-9.

19. Miguel Angel Schultz; Asesinan al presidente municipal de San Gabriel Mixtepec in La Jornada ; Mexico; Wednesday, October 7, 1992; page 23.

20. Plantón de perredistas ante la representación de Zacatecas en el DF in La Jornada ; Mexico; Friday, October 9, 1992; page 8.

21. Aurelio Garibay; Orden de aprehensión contra el ex diputado, Moreno Berry, en BC in La Jornada ; Mexico; Wednesday, October 14, 1992; page 21.

22. Francisco Guerrero Garro; El asesino de Genovevo de la O, impune después de un año in La Jornada ; Mexico; Thursday, October 15, 1992; page 21.

23. Paid announcement in La Jornada ; Mexico; Friday, October 16, 1992; page 20.

24. José Manuel Benítez; Ultimaron a Juan Mercenario, líder del PRD en Metalónoc in La Jornada ; Mexico; Friday, October 16, 1992; page 13. 25. Salvador Guerrero Chiprés; Ya eres uno de los torturables, le dijeron; la broma se hizo realidad in La Jornada ; Mexico; Wednesday, September 23, 1992; page 11.

26. Francisco Guerrero Garro; Exculpa la PJE de Morelos al policía acusado de matar a Genovevo de la O in La Jornada ; Mexico; Friday, October 16, 1992; page 21.

27. Paid announcement by the PT in La Jornada ; Mexico; Saturday, October 17, 1992; page 22.

28. Paid announcement by Adalberto Garduño in La Jornada ; Mexico; Saturday, October 17, 1992; page 18.

29. Indagan la muerte de un líder triqui, demanda el MULT in La Jornada ; Mexico; Wednesday, October 21, 1992; page 18.

30. Candelaria Rodríguez and Elio Enríquez; Retiran en Chiapas un plantón de campesinos perredistas in La Jornada ; Mexico; Saturday, October 17, 1992; page 6.

31. Elio Enríquez; Exigen a autoridades de Amatán respetar garantías individuales in La Jornada ; Mexico; Sunday, October 18, 1992; page 7.

32. Juan José Guadarrama; Asesinan a dirigente ejidal de Guerrero; se oponía a la tala in La Jornada ; Mexico; Thursday, October 22, 1992; page 32.

33. María Teresa Jardí; Si México fuera primermundista... in La Jornada ; Mexico; Wednesday, October 20, 1992; page 17.

34. Ricardo Alemán Alemán; Reinauguraron los diputados el Palacio Legislativo de San Lázaro in La Jornada ; Mexico; Friday, October 23, 1992; page 5.

35. PRD-Comité Ejecutivo Estatal de Guerrero; I. P. al pueblo de Guerrero y a las organizaciones sociales in La Jornada ; Mexico; Friday, October 23, 1992; page 50.

36. Salvador Guerrero Chiprés; Informe sobre denuncias hechas por perredistas in La Jornada ; Mexico; November 6, 1992; page 25.

37. CDH-PRD; Tres años de represión política en México; July 1991; page 46.

38. Ricardo Alemán Alemán; Denuncian atentado contra la hija de Manuel J. Clouthier in La Jornada ; Mexico; Sunday, November 8, 1992; page 9.

39. Rosa Rojas; Geografía de las elecciones: análisis y resultados in La Jornada ; Mexico; Wednesday, January 25, 1989.

40. La CNDH recibió 9 mil quejas y emitió 216 recomendaciones in La Jornada ; Mexico; Monday, November 2, 1992; page 10.

41. Carlos Salinas de Gortari; IV Informe de Gobierno; Mexico; November 1, 1992.

42. Notimex; Muere emboscado el alcalde de San Cristóbal Amatlán in La Jornada ; Mexico; Saturday, November 7, 1992; page 24.

43. Félix Salgado Macedonio; Ruiz Massieu: "Gobernador" mugre chismoso, asesino y degenerado in Por Esto; issue 413; Mexico; March 14, 1990; pages 10-11.

Violence against Opposition Political Leaders in Mexico. II/III
Index. Tlahui-Politic No. 2